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北宣家以 2018 年為 「 投入團契 、 小組年 」 , 並且一起查考以弗所書 , 進深認識神設立教會的意義 , 正確明白 「 教會 」 的真理 , 也按真理的教導 , 濾去許多世俗化的教會生活的觀念 , 一同 實踐神國子民捨己服事 、 委身互建的關係信主多年的基督徒 , 容易輕看了 自己已經領受的救恩 。
北宣家以 2018 年為 「 投入團契 、 小組年 」 , 並且一起查考以弗所書 , 進深認識神設立教會的意義 , 正確明白 「 教會 」 的真理 , 也按真理的教導 , 濾去許多世俗化的教會生活的觀念 , 一同 實踐神國子民捨己服事 、 委身互建的關係信主多年的基督徒 , 容易輕看了 自己已經領受的救恩 。 以弗所書幫助我們更完整的明白 , 我們所領受的救恩蘊藏著神極大的 恩典與能力 , 並在永恆中榮耀的盼望 , 叫我們在今天的生活更可以活出一種真實 「 像蒙慈愛的兒女 」 的生活蒙救贖的人領受了雙重的恩惠 , 自己進入了神的國 , 同時是「 與聖徒同國 」 , 成為了神家裏的一員 , 領受了 整個信徒群體成 為自己屬靈的家 。 這個家並非一個社會上的功能團體 , 或是謀利企業 , 要尋求高效益 ( 或是宗教發展效益 ) 、 業績要持續增長，也不是一個政治壓力團體 , 只依照社會上的民主 、 人權的理念運作 。 以弗所書說明了教會是屬靈的 、 屬靈恩的群體 , 按照神所賜不同的恩賜 , 付代價地事奉 。 沒有一個是只接受 「 服務 」 坐享別人努力的成果 , 而是各按各職 , 在付出中成長 。 也正因為各人都是與聖徒同國 , 同尊基督為主為主 , 便按基督的旨意彼此順服 、 彼此尊重 , 産生以生命為重 , 以愛為本的神的家。
北宣家以 2018 年為 「 投入團契 、 小組年 」 , 並且一起查考以弗所書 , 進深認識神設立教會的意義 , 正確明白 「 教會 」 的真理 , 也按真理的教導 , 濾去許多世俗化的教會生活的觀念 , 一同 實踐神國子民捨己服事 、 委身互建的關係信主多年的基督徒 , 容易輕看了 自己已經領受的救恩 。 以弗所書幫助我們更完整的明白 , 我們所領受的救恩蘊藏著神極大的 恩典與能力 , 並在永恆中榮耀的盼望 , 叫我們在今天的生活更可以活出一種真實 「 像蒙慈愛的兒女 」 的生活蒙救贖的人領受了雙重的恩惠 , 自己進入了神的國 , 同時是「 與聖徒同國 」 , 成為了神家裏的一員 , 領受了 整個信徒群體成 為自己屬靈的家 。 這個家並非一個社會上的功能團體 , 或是謀利企業 , 要尋求高效益 ( 或是宗教發展效益 ) 、 業績要持續增長，也不是一個政治壓力團體 , 只依照社會上的民主 、 人權的理念運作 。 以弗所書說明了教會是屬靈的 、 屬靈恩的群體 , 按照神所賜不同的恩賜 , 付代價地事奉 。 沒有一個是只接受 「 服務 」 坐享別人努力的成果 , 而是各按各職 , 在付出中成長 。 也正因為各人都是與聖徒同國 , 同尊基督為主為主 , 便按基督的旨意彼此順服 、 彼此尊重 , 産生以生命為重 , 以愛為本的神的家。
上周〈連曹Sir都讚好〉一文一出，一石激起千層浪，讀者在網上激烈討論，內地會否出現三數家國際性醫療企業。恰巧周三晚傳來消息，說畢非特投資旗艦巴郡，將夥拍亞馬遜和摩根大通，研究為員工提供一個高質素而相宜的醫療方案，立時嚇得美國醫療股大跌，難道醫企大勢已去？
畢非特批評，不斷上漲的醫保費用正蠶食美國經濟，故決定成立一個非牟利醫療計劃，為員工和家屬提供簡單、高質素和具透明度的醫療方案。
股神期望這家新公司最終可與藥廠、醫生和醫院直接協商，並利用龐大數據更好地管理成本。市場預期此一模式將衝擊醫療行業的中間人，包括醫療保險商、藥房和藥品給付管理公司（醫藥行業裏協調價格的中間人）。畢非特常被詬病不懂投資科網股，但現在看來已深得其中三昧，互聯網便是要取代九成以上的中間人。
資訊既然可以四處流通，價格和專業知識也變得透明化。首先是書本、衣履鞋襪上網，電器、珠寶、名貴手錶漸漸跟隨，現在看來藥物也快要上網了。
把中間人利潤回饋大眾
過去10年機票近乎沒有加價，為何？因為消費者可以輕易上網格價，稍貴一點，便沒有人幫襯，結果旅行社的生意愈來愈難做。商場以往可以通過地段優越賺錢，但網購普及後，「吉舖」愈來愈多。互聯網就是要去中間化。
人口老化，醫療費用上升沒錯，卻不能讓人予取予𢹂。醫療保險商、藥房等，邊借着中間人的壟斷地位賺大錢，畢非德便直言：「健保是美國經濟的寄生蟲！」誓要把中間人的利潤擠出來，回饋大眾。所以大跌的只是醫療中間商，藥廠只是輕微下跌，長期還是會受惠人均醫療開支上升。
內地會否走出幾家國際性醫療企業？恒生指數過去一年上漲三成，不就是內地的銀行、科網、能源企業所帶動的嗎？中資股在各行各業已有不少世界性規模企業，偏偏就是在醫療行業從缺，但這最後一塊拼圖不會遺缺太久，惟謹記是找藥廠和難以替代的服務商，因為互聯網、人工智能和大數據令去中間化的過程定必持續。不過，下隻10倍股出現在醫療的機會或許較科網更高。
lwy.hkej@gmail.com
Startup Investor School: The Basics of Seed Investing 104 sandslash 7 hrs 42 http://blog.ycombinator.com/startup-investor-school/ news.ycombinator.com/item?id=16282918 Last year, for the first time, we taught a MOOC (massively open online course) for startup founders called Startup School. This year, we’re adding a new course called Startup Investor School which will teach the basics of seed (early) stage startup investing to anyone interested.
It will be a free, 4-day course held live in Y Combinator’s office in Mountain View, CA and live-streamed around the world. The class will run Monday, March 5th to Thursday, March 8th from 10am – 12pm each day.
We believe that the more great seed investors there are the more chance startups have to succeed. Startup Investor School will be open and accessible to anyone, and therefore we hope to be relevant to as diverse a group of investors as possible. By adding more and more diverse investors to the mix, the entire startup ecosystem will improve. This will give us more, better startups, more innovation, and, we firmly believe, make the world a better place.
It turns out there are lots of hard and sometimes non-intuitive things to do to be a great seed investor. We’ll cover those things as part of these course topics:
How to get started? How much should you invest? How do you choose the right company in which to invest? How should you make your decisions? How do you get dealflow? How do you construct a portfolio? How much should you hope to own of a company? How does dilution work? What’s the difference between a safe, a convertible note, and equity? Are those the same thing as options? How is a cap table structured? How should investors work with companies? The class leads up to Y Combinator’s famous Demo Days on March 19 and 20, where YC’s latest batch of startups present their companies to a room full of investors. We’ll extend a Demo Day livestream invitation to all participants in Startup Investor School who verify they qualify as accredited investors (meaning they meet the SEC requirements for accreditation). Ten course participants will be chosen at random to get invitations to join Demo Day in person in Mountain View.
Apply here starting today: https://investor.startupschool.org. The application will be open until 11:59PM Pacific Time on Sunday, February 18th.
Email us at startupschool@ycombinator.com with any questions. Also, check out this Forbes article by Alex Konrad about the new program.
149 digital55 5 hrs 96 https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/instead-of-filling-cavities-dentists-may-soon-regenerate-teeth/ news.ycombinator.com/item?id=16283685 For dentists, a cavity is a conundrum—in order to save the tooth they must further damage it. Currently, the primary way to treat a cavity is to excavate the decay and the surrounding area before filling the resulting crater with a durable surrogate material such as metal, plastic or glass cement.
But what if instead of drilling holes into teeth and patching them up with synthetic fillers, dentists could coax our pearly whites to regrow themselves? Recently, Paul Sharpe, a bioengineer at King’s College London, and his colleagues discovered a new way to do exactly this in mice. Last year they published a study describing their innovative techniques in Scientific Reports. And since then they have made even more progress that edges this experimental procedure closer to human clinical trials. If the treatment eventually becomes part of the dentist’s standard tool kit, scientists say it would easily be one of the field’s most important advances in 50 years.
Our teeth get damaged all the time. Most of the injuries they endure are due to everyday wear and tear as well as the activity of microbes in the mouth. These organisms coat the surface of each tooth and feed on meal remnants. As they break down particles of food, some of these microbes produce and secrete acids as a by-product. And that acidity degrades enamel—the tooth’s hard outer layer.
Like skin, teeth can usually repair minor mishaps themselves. When our teeth remain uncleaned for too long, however, acid can eat through the enamel and begin dissolving underlying layers of dense, bony tissue called dentin. When dentin is seriously injured, stem cells located in the tooth's soft, innermost layer—the dental pulp—morph into cells called odontoblasts, which secrete new tissue. (Stem cells are capable of becoming virtually any type of cell.) Yet when the injury is too large or deep, that fresh dentin is not sufficient to restore the tooth. The result is often a cavity.
Sharpe suspected he could dramatically boost teeth’s natural healing ability by mobilizing stem cells in the dental pulp. Earlier research had demonstrated the Wnt signaling pathway—a particular cascade of molecules involved in cell-to-cell communication—is essential for tissue repair and stem cell development in many parts of the body such as the skin, intestines and brain. Sharpe wondered: Could this signaling pathway also be important for self-repair processes in teeth? If so, maybe exposing damaged teeth to drugs that stimulate Wnt signaling would similarly encourage the activity of stem cells in the dental pulp—giving teeth the kind of regenerative superpowers usually seen only in plants, salamanders and starfish.
To test this idea, Sharpe and his fellow researchers drilled holes into the molars of mice, mimicking cavities. They then soaked tiny collagen sponges (which are made from the same protein found in dentin) in various drugs known to stimulate Wnt signaling, including tideglusib, a compound that has been investigated in clinical trials for its potential to treat Alzheimer's and other neurological disorders. The scientists then placed these drug-soaked sponges in the drilled mouse molars, sealed them up and left them for four to six weeks. The teeth treated with these drugs produced significantly more dentin than ones untreated or stuffed with an unsoaked sponge or typical dental fillers. In most cases the technique restored the rodents’ pearly whites to their former intact state. “It was essentially a complete repair,” Sharpe says. “You can barely see the joint where the old and new dentin meet. This could eventually be the first routine pharmaceutical treatment in dentistry.”
David Mooney, a professor or bioengineering at Harvard University who has also investigated new ways to heal teeth but was not involved in the study, says he is “very impressed” by these findings. “This is not just scientifically important, but has significant practical advantages," he says. Adam Celiz, an assistant professor of bioengineering at Imperial College London who was also not involved in the recent research, says this is an important advance in the emerging field of regenerative dentistry. “The materials dentists use could soon be revolutionized,” he says.
Any treatment that recruits the body's native stem cells or adds new stems cells to the body, however, poses a risk of uncontrolled tissue growth. Experimental and unregulated stem cell therapies have resulted in brain tumors, for example, as well as bones growing in eyelids. But in this case, Sharpe says, the amounts of drug used are so tiny that the risk of unwanted growth is minimal. Celiz agrees the danger is small but he says rigorous testing in lab animals and clinical trials should be done to rule out potential side effects.
Since publishing their initial study Sharpe and his colleagues have tested their regenerative technique on rats. (Because those rodents have larger teeth than mice, a drilled rat molar better approximates human tooth decay.) The treatment worked just as well on the rats as it had on the mice, Sharpe says, but the data has not yet been published. Now Sharpe’s team is investigating a larger group of candidate drugs in order to determine whether another medication works better than those already tested, and to determine the optimal dose. They are also developing an alternative delivery system that is more amenable to modern dental practices: The chosen drug will be dissolved in a gel that is injected into a cavity and bathed with ultraviolet light to solidify it—a quick and easy procedure similar to one dentists already use to seal and repair teeth.
In order to formally introduce this treatment to modern dentistry, however, the researchers will need to perform clinical trials with human patients. Such work is at least several years away, Sharpe says. But some of the drugs he might consider are already approved for other uses in humans, which he hopes could expedite the process for eventual approval. "A lot of dental treatments are still in the dark ages," Sharpe says. "It's time to move on."
Instead of Filling Cavities, Dentists May Soon Regenerate Teeth 149 digital55 5 hrs 96 https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/instead-of-filling-cavities-dentists-may-soon-regenerate-teeth/ news.ycombinator.com/item?id=16283685 For dentists, a cavity is a conundrum—in order to save the tooth they must further damage it. Currently, the primary way to treat a cavity is to excavate the decay and the surrounding area before filling the resulting crater with a durable surrogate material such as metal, plastic or glass cement.
But what if instead of drilling holes into teeth and patching them up with synthetic fillers, dentists could coax our pearly whites to regrow themselves? Recently, Paul Sharpe, a bioengineer at King’s College London, and his colleagues discovered a new way to do exactly this in mice. Last year they published a study describing their innovative techniques in Scientific Reports. And since then they have made even more progress that edges this experimental procedure closer to human clinical trials. If the treatment eventually becomes part of the dentist’s standard tool kit, scientists say it would easily be one of the field’s most important advances in 50 years.
Our teeth get damaged all the time. Most of the injuries they endure are due to everyday wear and tear as well as the activity of microbes in the mouth. These organisms coat the surface of each tooth and feed on meal remnants. As they break down particles of food, some of these microbes produce and secrete acids as a by-product. And that acidity degrades enamel—the tooth’s hard outer layer.
Like skin, teeth can usually repair minor mishaps themselves. When our teeth remain uncleaned for too long, however, acid can eat through the enamel and begin dissolving underlying layers of dense, bony tissue called dentin. When dentin is seriously injured, stem cells located in the tooth's soft, innermost layer—the dental pulp—morph into cells called odontoblasts, which secrete new tissue. (Stem cells are capable of becoming virtually any type of cell.) Yet when the injury is too large or deep, that fresh dentin is not sufficient to restore the tooth. The result is often a cavity.
Sharpe suspected he could dramatically boost teeth’s natural healing ability by mobilizing stem cells in the dental pulp. Earlier research had demonstrated the Wnt signaling pathway—a particular cascade of molecules involved in cell-to-cell communication—is essential for tissue repair and stem cell development in many parts of the body such as the skin, intestines and brain. Sharpe wondered: Could this signaling pathway also be important for self-repair processes in teeth? If so, maybe exposing damaged teeth to drugs that stimulate Wnt signaling would similarly encourage the activity of stem cells in the dental pulp—giving teeth the kind of regenerative superpowers usually seen only in plants, salamanders and starfish.
To test this idea, Sharpe and his fellow researchers drilled holes into the molars of mice, mimicking cavities. They then soaked tiny collagen sponges (which are made from the same protein found in dentin) in various drugs known to stimulate Wnt signaling, including tideglusib, a compound that has been investigated in clinical trials for its potential to treat Alzheimer's and other neurological disorders. The scientists then placed these drug-soaked sponges in the drilled mouse molars, sealed them up and left them for four to six weeks. The teeth treated with these drugs produced significantly more dentin than ones untreated or stuffed with an unsoaked sponge or typical dental fillers. In most cases the technique restored the rodents’ pearly whites to their former intact state. “It was essentially a complete repair,” Sharpe says. “You can barely see the joint where the old and new dentin meet. This could eventually be the first routine pharmaceutical treatment in dentistry.”
David Mooney, a professor or bioengineering at Harvard University who has also investigated new ways to heal teeth but was not involved in the study, says he is “very impressed” by these findings. “This is not just scientifically important, but has significant practical advantages," he says. Adam Celiz, an assistant professor of bioengineering at Imperial College London who was also not involved in the recent research, says this is an important advance in the emerging field of regenerative dentistry. “The materials dentists use could soon be revolutionized,” he says.
Any treatment that recruits the body's native stem cells or adds new stems cells to the body, however, poses a risk of uncontrolled tissue growth. Experimental and unregulated stem cell therapies have resulted in brain tumors, for example, as well as bones growing in eyelids. But in this case, Sharpe says, the amounts of drug used are so tiny that the risk of unwanted growth is minimal. Celiz agrees the danger is small but he says rigorous testing in lab animals and clinical trials should be done to rule out potential side effects.
Since publishing their initial study Sharpe and his colleagues have tested their regenerative technique on rats. (Because those rodents have larger teeth than mice, a drilled rat molar better approximates human tooth decay.) The treatment worked just as well on the rats as it had on the mice, Sharpe says, but the data has not yet been published. Now Sharpe’s team is investigating a larger group of candidate drugs in order to determine whether another medication works better than those already tested, and to determine the optimal dose. They are also developing an alternative delivery system that is more amenable to modern dental practices: The chosen drug will be dissolved in a gel that is injected into a cavity and bathed with ultraviolet light to solidify it—a quick and easy procedure similar to one dentists already use to seal and repair teeth.
In order to formally introduce this treatment to modern dentistry, however, the researchers will need to perform clinical trials with human patients. Such work is at least several years away, Sharpe says. But some of the drugs he might consider are already approved for other uses in humans, which he hopes could expedite the process for eventual approval. "A lot of dental treatments are still in the dark ages," Sharpe says. "It's time to move on."
Instead of Filling Cavities, Dentists May Soon Regenerate Teeth 149 digital55 5 hrs 96 https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/instead-of-filling-cavities-dentists-may-soon-regenerate-teeth/ news.ycombinator.com/item?id=16283685 For dentists, a cavity is a conundrum—in order to save the tooth they must further damage it. Currently, the primary way to treat a cavity is to excavate the decay and the surrounding area before filling the resulting crater with a durable surrogate material such as metal, plastic or glass cement.
But what if instead of drilling holes into teeth and patching them up with synthetic fillers, dentists could coax our pearly whites to regrow themselves? Recently, Paul Sharpe, a bioengineer at King’s College London, and his colleagues discovered a new way to do exactly this in mice. Last year they published a study describing their innovative techniques in Scientific Reports. And since then they have made even more progress that edges this experimental procedure closer to human clinical trials. If the treatment eventually becomes part of the dentist’s standard tool kit, scientists say it would easily be one of the field’s most important advances in 50 years.
Our teeth get damaged all the time. Most of the injuries they endure are due to everyday wear and tear as well as the activity of microbes in the mouth. These organisms coat the surface of each tooth and feed on meal remnants. As they break down particles of food, some of these microbes produce and secrete acids as a by-product. And that acidity degrades enamel—the tooth’s hard outer layer.
Like skin, teeth can usually repair minor mishaps themselves. When our teeth remain uncleaned for too long, however, acid can eat through the enamel and begin dissolving underlying layers of dense, bony tissue called dentin. When dentin is seriously injured, stem cells located in the tooth's soft, innermost layer—the dental pulp—morph into cells called odontoblasts, which secrete new tissue. (Stem cells are capable of becoming virtually any type of cell.) Yet when the injury is too large or deep, that fresh dentin is not sufficient to restore the tooth. The result is often a cavity.
Sharpe suspected he could dramatically boost teeth’s natural healing ability by mobilizing stem cells in the dental pulp. Earlier research had demonstrated the Wnt signaling pathway—a particular cascade of molecules involved in cell-to-cell communication—is essential for tissue repair and stem cell development in many parts of the body such as the skin, intestines and brain. Sharpe wondered: Could this signaling pathway also be important for self-repair processes in teeth? If so, maybe exposing damaged teeth to drugs that stimulate Wnt signaling would similarly encourage the activity of stem cells in the dental pulp—giving teeth the kind of regenerative superpowers usually seen only in plants, salamanders and starfish.
To test this idea, Sharpe and his fellow researchers drilled holes into the molars of mice, mimicking cavities. They then soaked tiny collagen sponges (which are made from the same protein found in dentin) in various drugs known to stimulate Wnt signaling, including tideglusib, a compound that has been investigated in clinical trials for its potential to treat Alzheimer's and other neurological disorders. The scientists then placed these drug-soaked sponges in the drilled mouse molars, sealed them up and left them for four to six weeks. The teeth treated with these drugs produced significantly more dentin than ones untreated or stuffed with an unsoaked sponge or typical dental fillers. In most cases the technique restored the rodents’ pearly whites to their former intact state. “It was essentially a complete repair,” Sharpe says. “You can barely see the joint where the old and new dentin meet. This could eventually be the first routine pharmaceutical treatment in dentistry.”
David Mooney, a professor or bioengineering at Harvard University who has also investigated new ways to heal teeth but was not involved in the study, says he is “very impressed” by these findings. “This is not just scientifically important, but has significant practical advantages," he says. Adam Celiz, an assistant professor of bioengineering at Imperial College London who was also not involved in the recent research, says this is an important advance in the emerging field of regenerative dentistry. “The materials dentists use could soon be revolutionized,” he says.
Any treatment that recruits the body's native stem cells or adds new stems cells to the body, however, poses a risk of uncontrolled tissue growth. Experimental and unregulated stem cell therapies have resulted in brain tumors, for example, as well as bones growing in eyelids. But in this case, Sharpe says, the amounts of drug used are so tiny that the risk of unwanted growth is minimal. Celiz agrees the danger is small but he says rigorous testing in lab animals and clinical trials should be done to rule out potential side effects.
Since publishing their initial study Sharpe and his colleagues have tested their regenerative technique on rats. (Because those rodents have larger teeth than mice, a drilled rat molar better approximates human tooth decay.) The treatment worked just as well on the rats as it had on the mice, Sharpe says, but the data has not yet been published. Now Sharpe’s team is investigating a larger group of candidate drugs in order to determine whether another medication works better than those already tested, and to determine the optimal dose. They are also developing an alternative delivery system that is more amenable to modern dental practices: The chosen drug will be dissolved in a gel that is injected into a cavity and bathed with ultraviolet light to solidify it—a quick and easy procedure similar to one dentists already use to seal and repair teeth.
In order to formally introduce this treatment to modern dentistry, however, the researchers will need to perform clinical trials with human patients. Such work is at least several years away, Sharpe says. But some of the drugs he might consider are already approved for other uses in humans, which he hopes could expedite the process for eventual approval. "A lot of dental treatments are still in the dark ages," Sharpe says. "It's time to move on."
微型服務是軟體開發時所用的架構和組織方法
微型服務是軟體開發時所用的架構和組織方法
For dentists, a cavity is a conundrum—in order to save the tooth they must further damage it. Currently, the primary way to treat a cavity is to excavate the decay and the surrounding area before filling the resulting crater with a durable surrogate material such as metal, plastic or glass cement.
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